Applying Your Linux Skills to macOS: Terminal BASH and Common Commands

As you now know from my introductory article, macOS is a flavor of UNIX, similar to Linux. But unlike Linux, macOS does not support virtual terminals by default.

This article is part two in a series about using Linux skills when working in a mac operating system. Check out the other articles in the series:

• Applying Your Linux Skills to macOS: An Introduction
• Applying Your Linux Skills to macOS: Understanding Apps
• Applying Your Linux+ Skills to macOS: Devices and System Initialization

As you now know from my introductory article, macOS is a flavor of UNIX, similar to Linux. But unlike Linux, macOS does not support virtual terminals by default. Instead, you can use the Terminal app (/Applications/Utilities/Terminal) to obtain a command line terminal and BASH shell.

Alternatively, you can type >console as the username at the macOS login prompt (no password needed) to obtain a login prompt that allows you to log directly into a command line terminal and obtain a BASH shell.

After you obtain a BASH shell, you can run many of the same commands you’ve become accustomed to on Linux. It’s also important to note that the same syntax rules that you used on Linux apply to BASH on macOS:

• All commands are case sensitive.
• Regular options (-h) and POSIX options (--help) are listed for most commands.
• The manual pages (man who) and the info pages (info who) list most command documentation. The help command displays BASH function help (help echo).
• Commands may be chained using semicolons (date; who).
• The Standard Output of one command may be sent to the Standard Input of another command using a pipe ( | ) symbol (ps aux | less).
• The Standard Output and Standard Error of a command may be redirected to a file (ls –l /Users > usersfile 2> errorfile).
• Single quotes protect all special shell characters, double quotes protect most shell characters (variables are one exception), backquotes perform command substitution (echo The date is `date`) and backslash protects the next character (echo You owe \$4.50).
• The ~ metacharacter represents the user’s home directories.
• Tab completes commands and file paths.
• Ctrl+C cancels a command by sending a SIGINT kill signal to the foreground process.
• Wildcard metacharacters may be used with commands, and regular expressions may be used within text utilities.
• BASH control structures and functions may be used to create BASH shell scripts.

NOTE: If you wish to perform system administration as the root user, you must first enable the root user using the Directory Utility app (in /System/Library/CoreServices/Applications). Once you open this app, simply select Change Root Password from the Edit menu.

Common macOS Commands

Below are some common macOS commands, organized by general function. Bookmark this page so you can refer back to it often. Although most options to these commands are identical between Linux and macOS, be sure to view the manual page for commands that you will use in the future.

System Documentation Commands in macOS

• man Displays/searches the manual page database
• apropos Searches the manual page database by keyword
• info Displays/searches the info page database
• help Displays help on BASH functions

File Management Commands in macOS

• pwd Displays the current directory
• cd Changes the current directory
• ls Lists files
• file Displays file type
• locate Finds files using a predefined database
• which Searches the PATH variable for files
• find Finds files on the filesystem based on certain criteria
• cp Copies files and directories
• mv Moves/renames files and directories
• rm Removes files and directories
• rmdir Removes empty directories
• mkdir Creates empty directories
• ln Creates hard links; the –s option is used to create symbolic links
• chown Changes ownership for files and directories
• chgrp Changes group ownership for files and directories
• chmod Changes the permissions (mode) on files and directories
• umask Changes the UMASK variable used to determine default permissions

Text Tools in macOS

• cat Views (concatenates) the contents of text files to the terminal screen
• more Views the contents of text files page by page
• less Views the contents of text files page by page with advanced text features
• head Displays the beginning of a text file
• tail Displays the end of a text file
• sort Sorts lines in text files
• wc Counts the number of lines, words and characters in a text file
• grep Searches text files for regular expressions
• egrep Searches text files for regular expressions (including extended ones)
• sed Edits text files using search-and-replace functions
• awk Edits and formats text using predefined functions
• · vi (vim) The vi text editor (common to all UNIX systems)
• emacs The GNU Emacs text editor
• · nano A small easy-to-use text editor based on the UNIX pico editor

Filesystem Administration in macOS

• mount Mounts a filesystem to a mount point directory – alternatively, you can use the mount_filesystem commands (where filesystem is the name of an appropriate filesystem) – see man mount for details.
• umount Unmounts a filesystem from a mount point directory
• pdisk May be used to create Apple disk partitions
• newfs_type Creates a new filesystem on a device (type = apfs, hfs, udf, exfat, msdos)
• fuser Determines the users accessing a certain file, directory or terminal
• df Displays disk free space by filesystem
• du Displays disk free space by directory
• quota Displays quotas for a certain user
• edquota Edits user quotas
• repquota Displays a report on quotas by user
• quotacheck Updates quota limits on the filesystem

Disk quotas are configured differently in macOS. In Linux, you enable quotas using the appropriate option in /etc/fstab. However, /etc/fstab is not available in macOS. Instead, you must create two files in the root of the filesystem that you wish to enable quotas on (.quota.ops.user and .quota.ops.group).

Shutdown and System State in macOS

• shutdown Shuts down or reboots the system at a specified time
• halt Shuts down the system immediately
• reboot Reboots the system immediately

Compression, Backup and Software in macOS

• compress Compresses files using a Lempel-Ziv algorithm
• gzip Compresses files using a standard Lempel-Ziv algorithm
• bzip2 Compresses files using a block-sorting algorithm
• tar Used to create small tar archives and tarballs
• cpio Used to create full filesystem backups using a variety of options
• make Manages software compiling using gcc and Makefile settings
• gcc The GNU C compiler used to compile software

BASH Management in macOS

As in Linux, macOS stores its variables in environment files. The /etc/profile and /etc/bashrc files are used by default on the system. Each user can also create their own ~/.bash_profile and ~/.bashrc files. In addition, ~/.bash_logout may be used to perform tasks at shell exit. Here are more BASH management commands for macOS.

• set Displays all variables in your shell
• env Displays exported variables in your shell
• alias Creates special alias variables
• unalias Removes special alias variables
• export Creates and exports variables
• ulimit Sets BASH limits for users (e.g., maximum number of user processes)

Process Management in macOS

• ps Displays system and user processes (supports BSD-style options only)
• top Displays top processes and system statistics
• kill Sends kill signals to processes by process identification number (PID)
• killall Sends kill signals to processes by name
• jobs Displays background processes
• fg Moves a background process to the foreground
• bg Moves a foreground process to the background
• nice Changes the priority of a process as it is started
• renice Changes the priority of a running process
• at Schedules commands to run at a later time
• atq Views at jobs
• atrm Removes an at job
• crontab Edits user cron tables (used to repetitively schedule commands)

User and Group Administration in macOS

User and group administration differs slightly in macOS from Linux. There are no useradd or userdel commands. Instead, you must use the System Preferences utility to create user accounts properly. User information is stored in a directory database under the /var/db directory. The /etc/shadow file does not exist and the /etc/passwd and /etc/group files exist only to provide information to apps.

• whoami Displays the current user name
• who am i Displays your username and computer information
• groups Displays the current user’s group memberships
• id Prints the User ID (UID) and Group IDs (GIDs) for the current user
• chfn Changes the user description used by the finger command
• finger Displays user description information
• chsh Changes the shell for a user account
• passwd Changes the password for the current user (the root user may change other user's passwords by specifying the username as an argument)
• who Displays who is on the system
• w Displays who is on the system and what they are doing

Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) Printing in macOS

• lp Prints a file (lpr is supported for BSD compatibility)
• lpstat Views print jobs and printer status (lpq and lpc are supported for BSD
• compatibility)
• cancel Removes a print job from the print queue (lprm is supported for BSD
• compatibility)
• cupsaccept Allows jobs to enter a print queue
• cupsreject Prevents jobs from entering a print queue
• cupsenable Allows jobs to be sent to the printer from the print queue
• cupsdisable Prevents jobs from leaving the print queue

Network- and Security-related Commands in macOS

Network devices have different names in macOS. The first ethernet adapter is called en0 (typically wired ethernet), and the second is called en1 (typically wireless ethernet). Ensure that you use System Preferences to change any network parameters, as they are not stored in text files as they are on Linux systems. For example, the /etc/resolv.conf file still exists in macOS and lists DNS servers configured in System Preferences, but it is not used by the system – it is merely there in case an app queries it. The only network-related file that is used actively and may be edited is /etc/hosts (for local host name resolution). Here are more network- and security-related commands in macOS.

• ifconfig Displays and configures TCP/IP network interfaces
• ping Tests connectivity between hosts
• whois Queries domain name registration information
• arp Views and manages the address resolution protocol (ARP) cache
• netstat Views TCP/IP network statistics and the routing table
• route Manages the TCP/IP routing table
• traceroute Traces an IP packet across routers
• hostname Sets the system host name
• host Resolves host names to IP addresses and vice versa
• nslookup Resolves host names to IP addresses and vice versa
• dig Resolves host names to IP addresses and vice versa
• su Switches your user account to another account
• sudo Performs tasks as another user via entries in the /etc/sudoers file
• last Displays a detailed list of previous user logins
• tcpdump Captures packets on a network interface

System and Miscellaneous Commands in macOS

• date Displays the current date and time
• exit Exits out of the shell (logout)
• echo argument Displays the argument to the terminal screen
• clear Clears the screen
• uname option Displays system information specified by the option; –a specifies all information
• uptime Lists system statistics and uptime
• cal Lists the calendar for the current month
• banner Prints an ASCII banner
• iostat Displays input/output (I/O) statistics for the system

Now you’ve got the macOS basics down, and you know the common commands. In the next installment, I’ll be discussing apps. Stay tuned!

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